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  • Title: Interscalene brachial plexus block anesthesia for upper extremity surgery.
    Author: Kuflik P, Ankolekar A, Stuchin SA, Steinbach S, Bernstein R.
    Journal: J Hand Surg Am; 1986 Mar; 11(2):246-8. PubMed ID: 3958457.
    Abstract:
    Use of the interscalene brachial plexus block for upper extremity anesthesia in a primarily rheumatoid population is reviewed in 88 cases. The interscalene approach described by Winnie was used. Anesthesia was effective in 93% of the cases. Failure to achieve anesthesia was more likely to occur in surgical procedures on the distal upper extremities. The technique allowed effective and reliable anesthesia throughout the upper extremity, including the shoulder. Problems associated with other forms of upper extremity regional anesthesia, such as tourniquet pain, pneumothorax, systemic anesthetic toxicity, and inadequate duration of anesthesia, were not encountered. Difficulties with more distally based block administration due to decreased shoulder motion were obviated.
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