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  • Title: Pars interarticularis stress reaction, spondylolysis, and spondylolisthesis in gymnasts.
    Author: Ciullo JV, Jackson DW.
    Journal: Clin Sports Med; 1985 Jan; 4(1):95-110. PubMed ID: 3967315.
    Abstract:
    The spectrum of posterior element, vertebral injury in the young gymnast ranges from stress reaction to spondylolisthesis. Hyperextension and repetitive microtrauma lead to such injuries in young athletes. Early recognition may lead to a more favorable clinical outcome.
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