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  • Title: Food choices of vegetarians and nonvegetarians during pregnancy and lactation.
    Author: Finley DA, Dewey KG, Lönnerdal B, Grivetti LE.
    Journal: J Am Diet Assoc; 1985 Jun; 85(6):678-85. PubMed ID: 3998337.
    Abstract:
    Data on food choices and nutrient intake were obtained from 60 lactating women, including 29 vegetarians. The most common changes in consumption patterns during pregnancy were increased intake of high-protein foods, especially milk products, and decreased intake of coffee, tea, and alcohol. The changes were partially based on food cravings and/or aversions. In addition to high-protein foods, some of the women craved fruits and sweets. Items most commonly eliciting aversive reactions were vegetables, strong-smelling and strong-tasting combination dishes, and greasy foods. Aversions to coffee, tea, and alcohol were almost as frequent as those to greasy foods. Nutrient intake during lactation was measured using 24-hour recalls and 2-day diet records that also considered dietary supplements. A total of 332 intake records were evaluated relative to the RDAs for lactating women. Mean energy intake was 2,200 kcal (88% of the recommendation), and mean protein intake was 86 gm (134% of the RDA). Mean nutrient intakes from diet alone ranged from 89% of the RDA for iron to 154% for vitamin A; mean intakes from diet plus supplements ranged from 133% of the RDA for calcium to 581% of the RDA for thiamin. Dietary supplementation provided a substantial part of the intake of some nutrients; for most women, however, the RDAs were met by diet alone.
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