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  • Title: Identification of chloroplast coupling factor by freeze-etching and negative-staining techniques.
    Author: Garber MP, Steponkus PL.
    Journal: J Cell Biol; 1974 Oct; 63(1):24-34. PubMed ID: 4138854.
    Abstract:
    Identification of chloroplast coupling factor particles, by the freeze-etching and negative-staining techniques, was made utilizing chloroplast thylakoids isolated from spinach leaves. Complete removal of particles, comparable in diameter to purified coupling factor particles, from the outer surface of freeze-etched thylakoids was achieved by treatment with 0.8% silicotungstate. Reappearance of particles, comparable in diameter to purified coupling factor particles, on the outer surface of freeze-etched thylakoids was demonstrated by combining silicotungstate-treated thylakoids with purified chloroplast coupling factor. Negative-staining results were in agreement with the freeze-etch data. The results demonstrate that the chloroplast coupling factor particles are exposed on the outer surface.
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