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  • Title: Influence of halothane and catecholamines on heart rate and rhythm in the horse.
    Author: Lees P, Tavernor WD.
    Journal: Br J Pharmacol; 1970 May; 39(1):149-59. PubMed ID: 5420092.
    Abstract:
    1. Ventricular ectopic beats were recorded in eight of thirteen conscious horses following the intravenous administration of adrenaline in doses of 3 mug/kg. Following pre-treatment with either atropine sulphate (0.1 mg/kg) or propranolol hydrochloride (0.1 mg/kg), the same dose level of adrenaline failed to produce ventricular ectopic beats.2. Halothane anaesthesia sensitized the equine heart to the arrhythmogenic actions of adrenaline; the incidence and duration of ventricular arrhythmias being greater than in conscious animals. In comparison with the findings in conscious horses, ether anaesthesia appeared to protect the heart against adrenaline-induced arrhythmias.3. From a comparison of the arrhythmogenic, chronotropic and pressor actions of adrenaline, noradrenaline and isoprenaline during halothane anaesthesia, it was concluded that sensitization to the arrhythmogenic actions of catecholamines resulted primarily from the action of halothane on the ventricle. The results also indicated that the pressor responses to catecholamines during halothane anaesthesia probably played some part in the genesis of arrhythmias.4. No "spontaneous" ventricular arrhythmias were recorded in twenty-four horses anaesthetized with halothane or in sixteen animals under ether anaesthesia.5. The available evidence indicates that a moderate to fairly severe degree of hypercapnia produced little increase in sympathetic control of the myocardium during halothane anaesthesia; the absence of irregularities in ventricular rhythm during halothane anaesthesia were attributed to this factor.
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