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  • Title: Nutrition and nutritional status of rural women in East Java.
    Author: Kusin JA, Kardjati S, De With C, Sudibia IK.
    Journal: Trop Geogr Med; 1979 Dec; 31(4):571-85. PubMed ID: 542993.
    Abstract:
    In the rural parts of nine regencies of the province of East Java Indonesia, in the dry seasons of 1975 and 1976 extensive nutrition surveys were carried out. So designated surplus, marginal and minus areas were included. Social and hygienic features of the household were recorded. The reproductive characteristics of the mother population were noted. Anthropometric data were collected. Their diet, including consumption frequency of staple and secondary foodstuffs, was registered by interview. Of a total of 3,828 mothers of children 0--15 years old 37% were lactating and 6.7% were pregnant. Of the latter some 10% were still nursing a child. The number of live children per family was rather small (2.0--3.4) and the percent of those who had died was high (10--31%). Average height of the mothers was 149 cm and weight 42 kg. A cross-sectional calculation of weight gain during pregnancy resulted in 5.0--7.4 kg. Lactating mothers showed a higher weight-height ratio than non-lactating or pregnant. Taking 90% of the Indonesian standard of weight-for-height as cut-off point for an acceptable nutritional status, 18--24% of the nonpregnant non-lactating, 13--35% of the lactating and 33--57% of the pregnant mothers fell below that standard. Considerable and rather unexpected differences existed between regencies. Low percentages of illiteracy and highest of child survival were found in an area designated as 'minus' for per capita income and food production. Only in Sidoarjo was rice the most frequently consumed staple food. In Trenggalek (south coast) and in Sampang (Madura) it was cassava. In Blitar (south coast) it was rice, maize and cassava mixed or varying according to season. In the remaining six regions a mixture of rice and maize was the common food. In East Java, Indonesia, nutritional surveys were conducted among rural residents living in: 1) the regency of Sidoarjo, which has a relatively high per capita income and per capita food production; 2) in the regencies of Tuban, Lamongan, Bangkalan, Sampang, Pamekasan, and Sumenep, which have marginal per capita income and food producton; and 3) the regencies of Blitar and Trenggalek, which have very low per capita income and food production. A total of 3828 mothers with children ranging in age from 0-15 years were interviewed during 1975 and 1976. 45% of the mothers had 1-3 children, 35% had 4-6 children, and 20% had 7 or more children. At the time of the interview, 37% of the mothers were lactating and 6.7% were pregnant. The nutritional status of the lactating mothers was somewhat better than the nutritional status of the other women. 13-35% of the lactating, non-pregnant women were malnourished, and 18-42% of the non-lactating, non-pregnant women were malnourished. Pregnant women had the poorest nutritional status. 31% of the women in the 1st trimester of pregnancy were malnourished, 42% in the 2nd trimester were malnourished, and 57% in the 3rd trimester were malnourished. Average weight gain during pregnancy was low and was most inadequate among women over 36 years of age and among those with parity of 5 or more. These findings suggested the need for intervention programs aimed at improving the nutritional status of pregnant women and providing the rural residents with consumer, family planning, and nutritional education. Nutritional status varied considerably in the high, marginal, and low income and food production areas noted above. The primary staple in the 1st area was rice, in the second area it was maize and rice combined, and in the 3rd area it was cassava. Surprisingly, the nutritional status of mothers was better in the poor, cassava eating areas and in some of the marginal areas than it was in the predominately rice eating, higher income area of Sidoarjo. This finding perhaps reflected the fact that a high proportion of the residents of Sidoarjo were wage earners who had to buy their food while in the poorer areas the residents were primarily farmers who raise their own food. This finding suggested that nutritional programs which are generally targeted only at the poor or marginal areas, should be extended to include the higher ranked economic rural areas as well.
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