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  • Title: Primary and secondary immune responses of the marine toad (Bufo marinus) to bacteriophage f2.
    Author: Lin HH, Caywood BE, Rowlands DT.
    Journal: Immunology; 1971 Mar; 20(3):373-80. PubMed ID: 5551358.
    Abstract:
    The primary and secondary immune responses of toads (Bufo marinus) were studied using the bacteriophage f2 as antigen. Antibodies were identified in the serum 2 weeks after primary immunization and peak antibody levels were reached at 6 weeks. Although both IgM and IgG antibodies can be found in toad serum, most of the antibody activity in our animals persisted in the IgM fraction until 8 weeks after immunization. When a second injection of antigen was given 4 weeks after primary immunization, there was a marked increase in the total serum antibody activity and IgG antibodies were found as early as 4 weeks after the second injection of antigen. These observations suggest that the toad, B. marinus, is capable of a true secondary response to the bacteriophage f2.
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