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  • Title: Variation of canine and feline frontal-plane QRS axes with lead choice and augmentation ratio.
    Author: Dubin S, Beard R, Staib J, Hunt P.
    Journal: Am J Vet Res; 1977 Dec; 38(12):1957-62. PubMed ID: 596694.
    Abstract:
    The intraindividual variability in mean electric axis referable to choice of ECG leads and augmentation ratio was investigated by means of a digital computer program. Although, in theory, the choice of leads for determining the QRS axis should make no difference, the maximum intraindividual variation in axis angle was about 50 degrees for canine and feline subjects. The angle conputed for the lead combinations I and III and I and aVF will usually fall within 5 to 10 degrees of the mean of all lead combinations, but larger variations are seen at time. The application of an "augmentation ratio" for the augmented unipolar leads was most helpful when it was individually computed. Further methods of lead-vector improvement are discussed.
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