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  • Title: Pain II: new approaches to management.
    Author: Fields HL.
    Journal: Ann Neurol; 1981 Feb; 9(2):101-6. PubMed ID: 6112964.
    Abstract:
    There is an intrinsic analgesia system in the brain with both endogenous opioid and biogenic amine links. This system provides a basis for understanding how different therapeutic approaches relieve pain. The present review critically evaluates the analgesic efficacy of the following therapies: placebo administration, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, acupuncture, intrathecal and epidural opiate injection, electrical stimulation of the brain, and psychotropic drugs.
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