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  • Title: Perirenal space implantation of permanent cardiac pacemakers in infants and small children.
    Author: Hafez A, Conso JF, Belhaj M, Planche C, Binet JP.
    Journal: Thorac Cardiovasc Surg; 1983 Apr; 31(2):101-4. PubMed ID: 6190244.
    Abstract:
    Permanent pacemakers were implanted in 40 children aged one day to 17 years. A new technique, necessitating thoracotomy and lumbotomy, is described briefly. Indications were surgical block in 22 (55%) and congenital block in 18 (45%) patients. Five of 40 (12.5%) died. Reoperation was required 4 times: for electrode problems (3), and wound problem (one). No late infection or wire fractures were noted. The time paced ranged from 7 days to 37 months. All of these patients received lithium units.
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