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  • Title: Reliability of urinary monoamine and metabolite output measurements in depressed patients.
    Author: Linnoila M, Karoum F, Miller T, Potter WZ.
    Journal: Am J Psychiatry; 1983 Aug; 140(8):1055-7. PubMed ID: 6191580.
    Abstract:
    The authors measured urinary monoamines and their metabolite outputs in 12 unmedicated depressed patients. Output of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylglycol and vanillylmandelic acid proved to be relatively stable from one sample to another. An average of at least two measures provided data with a meaningful reliability for normetanephrine, serotonin, and homovanillic acid output. Output of dopamine, norepinephrine, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and phenylethylamine was highly variable over time.
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