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  • Title: Immunohistochemical localization of cyclic AMP during normal and abnormal chick and mouse limb development.
    Author: Elmer WA, Smith MA, Ede DA.
    Journal: Teratology; 1981 Oct; 24(2):215-23. PubMed ID: 6278668.
    Abstract:
    This paper describes the immunohistochemical localization of cAMP during limb chondrogenesis in talpid3 chick, brachypod mouse, and normal embryos. Comparisons were made between chick wing buds at Stages 22, 25, and 30, and mouse hind limb buds at Days 11, 12.5 and 14. At Stage 22, the normal mesenchyme in the chick displayed areas of bright fluorescence compared to a lesser intense and more evenly distributed fluorescence in talpid3. Sections of the central region from normal Stage 25 limb buds exhibited an intense fluorescence that was uniformly distributed, whereas, in talpid3 staining was more mosaic with some areas fluorescing brightly and others showing little fluorescence. At Stage 30 the staining pattern was similar between normal and talpid3, with the fluorescence being brighter in the cartilage tissue than in the surrounding soft tissue. Difference in the staining patterns of normal and brachypod limb tissue were not detectable. At Days 11 and 12.5, tissue from both genotypes displayed a very bright, uniform fluorescence. In the 14-day hind limb buds, the staining patterns were comparable to those observed in Stage 30 chick wing buds. However, under in vitro conditions conducive for the expression of the chondrogenic phenotype, differences in the intensity and extensiveness of fluorescent staining were detectable in cultures derived from 12-day normal and brachypod hind limb mesenchyme. Compared to the control, the uneven distribution of immunofluorescence in the talpid3 limb buds and the differences in intensity and extensiveness of fluorescence in the brachypod cultures support the hypothesis that cAMP is involved in limb cartilage differentiation.
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