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  • Title: Ectopic pregnancy: current clinical trends, a fifteen year study.
    Author: Weekes LR.
    Journal: J Natl Med Assoc; 1981 Sep; 73(9):823-33. PubMed ID: 6456360.
    Abstract:
    This paper reviews the clinical recognition, diagnosis, and management of ectopic pregnancy at the Queen of Angels Hospital for the past 15 years. The incidence of ectopic pregnancy to deliveries is 1:195. Pain is the cardinal symptom of ectopic pregnancy, and amenorrhea of some degree was present in all cases. Pelvic inflammatory disease is a factor in the development of tubal pregnancy in some women. A careful history and thorough physical examination are important in making a careful diagnosis. The only laboratory procedures which are of any value are the blood type and the Rh determination. While examination of endometrial tissue obtained by biopsy or curettage has proved useful in ectopic pregnancy diagnosis, it is not totally decisive. Culdocentesis has proved to be the diagnostic procedure of the greatest value in recognizing intraperitoneal hemorrhage and it increases the correct preoperative diagnosis from 65-70% to 95%. Laparoscopy is useful when the physician is in doubt about the nature of the problem and it has produced an increase in the number of ectopic pregnancies diagnosed. Ultrasound is another useful tool in confirming a diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy; its accuracy ranges from 70-92%. A newly developed pregnancy test is more sensitive than conventional pregnancy tests and would be positive for pregnancy. Women who have had a previous ectopic pregnancy have a higher subsequent incidence of persistent infertility, recurrent ectopic pregnancy, and pregnancy wastage; the risk of another ectopic pregnancy increases 30-50 fold. While extopic pregnancy does recur, it is true that about 1/3 of those women do have successful pregnancies. Where previous induced abortion has occurred, there is a 10-fold increased risk of ectopic pregnancy. Women who become pregnant accidentally with an IUD in place have a greater likelihood of experiencing an extrauterine pregnancy. Abdominal pregnancy is often encountered as an aborting ectopic pregnancy during the 1st trimester. In cases such as this, there can be local excision and hemostasis. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura was another encountered complication. Salpingectomy is inappropriate and even dangerous when used with an ectopic pregnancy. Early diagnosis and prompt surgery can help increase the survival rate. However, conservative surgery which preserves the tube is feasible and practical using salpingotomy and partial salpingectomy. Maternal death resulting from ectopic pregnancy is usually the result of sudden massive hemorrhage. The initiation of therapy prior to rupture is helpful. Ectopic pregnancy rate has remained fairly consistent among the white population but has decreased significantly in the nonwhite population. This is likely tied to an improvement in socioeconomic status, better patient education, and a greater awareness of medical needs. To decrease the maternal mortality rate from ectopic pregnancy, obstetricians and gynecologists must be more aggressive in research and treatment of ectopic pregnancy.
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