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  • Title: Locus of control, persistence, and use of contingency information in physically abused children.
    Author: Slade B, Steward MS, Morrison TL, Abramowitz SI.
    Journal: Child Abuse Negl; 1984; 8(4):447-57. PubMed ID: 6542817.
    Abstract:
    Abused children are believed to develop in a harsh environment with minimal contingency of parental responses to their behavior. Seligman proposed that noncontingent caregiving produces helplessness. In this study, helplessness was assessed by measures of persistence and locus of control and by an experimental manipulation which varied contingency feedback. Compared to matched nonabused peers, abused children showed no less persistence in working for rewards, made equivalent use of contingency information to maintain persistence, and assumed equivalent responsibility for success. However, they took less responsibility for failure. Family learning history may render abused children helpless primarily in avoidance of aversive outcomes.
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