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  • Title: Generalization of lowered EMG levels during musical performance following biofeedback training.
    Author: Morasky RL, Reynolds C, Sowell LE.
    Journal: Biofeedback Self Regul; 1983 Jun; 8(2):207-16. PubMed ID: 6639976.
    Abstract:
    Electromyographic (EMG) biofeedback training offers a means by which musicians can control excess muscle tension during performance. Music instructors generally agree that unnecessary muscle tension not only leads to physical problems but also can interfere with performance quality. It is important, however, that the reduced EMG levels resulting from biofeedback training generalize to situations in which feedback is not available, and that the reduction in muscle tension not result in decreased performance quality. Eight intermediate to advanced clarinet players participated in four EMG biofeedback training sessions during which short-term and extended generalization of lowered EMG levels was assessed along with trill and scale speed scores. Significant reductions in EMG levels associated with biofeedback training generalized to short-term and extended situations, while trill and scale performances remained at or above pretest levels.
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