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  • Title: The opioid/nonopioid nature of stress-induced analgesia and learned helplessness.
    Author: Maier SF, Sherman JE, Lewis JW, Terman GW, Liebeskind JC.
    Journal: J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process; 1983 Jan; 9(1):80-90. PubMed ID: 6682435.
    Abstract:
    Exposure to a variety of stressors produces a subsequent analgesic reaction. This stress-induced analgesia (SIA) is sometimes opioid in nature (reversed by opiate antagonists and cross-tolerant with morphine) and sometimes nonopioid. Both 30 min of intermittent footshock and 60-80 five-sec tailshocks have been shown to produce opioid SIA, whereas 3 min of continuous footshock and 5-40 tailshocks produce nonopioid SIA. We report that both of the opioid SIA procedures produce a learned helplessness effect as assessed by shuttlebox escape acquisition and an analgesia that is reinstatable 24 hr. later. The nonopioid procedures produce neither a learned helplessness effect nor a reinstatable analgesia. It is argued that these data implicate the learning of uncontrollability in the activation of opioid systems.
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