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  • Title: Formation of 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline in a model system by heating creatinine, glycine and glucose.
    Author: Jägerstad M, Olsson K, Grivas S, Negishi C, Wakabayashi K, Tsuda M, Sato S, Sugimura T.
    Journal: Mutat Res; 1984 May; 126(3):239-44. PubMed ID: 6717461.
    Abstract:
    A mixture of creatinine, glucose and glycine was heated in diethylene glycol containing 14% water for 2 h at 128 degrees C, and the mutagens formed were purified by XAD-2 column chromatography, acid-base partition, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, 'blue cotton' treatment and HPLC. Two mutagenic substances were isolated by HPLC. The major mutagen was identified by its UV absorption and mass and NMR spectra as 2-amino-3,8- dimethylimidazo [4,5-f]quinoxaline, which was originally isolated from fried beef. This finding supported the idea that creatinine, amino acids and sugars present in meat are precursors in the formation of the mutagenic imidazoquinoxaline derivative.
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