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  • Title: Teratogenesis of the horseshoe crab by alpha-lipoic amide (6,8-thioctic amide) in marketed vitamin tablets.
    Author: Itow T.
    Journal: J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo); 1980; 26(3):237-45. PubMed ID: 6777475.
    Abstract:
    Some marketed vitamin tablets induce defects and fusion of body segments and appendages in the developing horseshoe crab. alpha-Lipoic amide may be responsible for the induction, and the other vitamins are probably not directly responsible. alpha-Lipoic acid also induces the same malformations. It is presumed that alpha-lipoic amide and alpha-lipoic acid inhibit thioldisulphide exchange and this inhibition disturbs the morphogenetic movement. As a result, the monsters may be induced by treatment with vitamin tablets.
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