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  • Title: Postpartum lactational amenorrhoea as a means of family planning in the Sudan: a study of 500 cases.
    Author: Adnan AM, Bakr SA.
    Journal: J Biosoc Sci; 1983 Jan; 15(1):9-23. PubMed ID: 6826589.
    Abstract:
    The lactational histories of 500 Sudanese women were studied retrospectively to examine postpartum lactational amenorrhea as a method of family planning. Particular attention was given to the factors affecting postpartum lactational amenorrhea, including supplementary feeding and the use of modern contraceptive methods. Breast-feeding was overwhelmingly practised (90%) among this sample, which was roughly representative of the Sudanese population as a whole. The prevalence of amenorrhea among this group of lactating women was quite high (73%). Duration of lactational amenorrhea ranged from 2 to 36 months with a median of 12 months. Introduction of supplementary feeding had little effect on lactational amenorrhea up to the 9th month of breastfeeding. Beyond the 12th month of breastfeeding, lactational amenorrhea was significantly prolonged by postponing the introduction of supplementary feeding until the 4th month or later. Ovulation, and hence conception, during lactational amenorrhea was unpredictable. It occurred as early as the 3rd or as late as the 36th month postpartum. Conceptions interrupting lactational amenorrhea soon after delivery (3-9 months) were more frequent among primiparous women. The failure rate of lactational amenorrhea as a contraceptive was 8.4%. Though extremely high compared to that of the pill, lactational amenorrhea was more useful as a fertility control mechanism because, in this study, a high proportion of women initiated pill use, but soon discontinued it because of side effects. Modern contraceptive practice was not prevalent. Amenorrheic mothers accepted the pill after the 6th month postpartum (41%, compared to lactating mothers whose menses had returned who started much earlier. 49% of the women studied relied completely on the protection of lactational amenorrhea. 57% of all lactating women who used the combined pill reported a reduction in milk production. Knowledge of modern contraception was poor and incorrect in many cases, leading to several policy implications, including usage of sterilization.
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