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  • Title: Paracrystalline disorder of biological and synthetic carbonate-substituted apatites.
    Author: Nelson DG, Featherstone JD, Duncan JF, Cutress TW.
    Journal: J Dent Res; 1982 Nov; 61(11):1274-81. PubMed ID: 6958726.
    Abstract:
    Paracrystalline disorder, a type of lattice imperfection which results in a loss of long-range crystalline order, was assessed in a range of biological and synthetic apatites using x-ray diffraction data. Carbonate substitution in the apatite lattice increased the amount of paracrystalline disorder in synthetic precipitated apatites, whereas trace amounts of fluoride and, to a lesser extent, zinc and strontium partially offset the disorder induced by carbonate. Paracrystalline disorder was significantly reduced in synthetic apatites prepared by high-temperature solid-state reaction. Human dental enamel was less disordered than either dentin or bone.
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