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  • Title: Intrauterine device use and the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease.
    Author: Burkman RT.
    Journal: Am J Obstet Gynecol; 1980 Dec 01; 138(7 Pt 2):861-3. PubMed ID: 7008603.
    Abstract:
    A number of studies have shown an association between use of the intrauterine device (IUD) and the development of pelvic inflammatory disease. In the nine studies reviewed, the estimated risk varied between 1.6 and 9.3. A number of interacting variables are operant, in addition to IUD use. Further, the use of nonpermanent forms of contraception other than the IUD may exert a protective effect against the development of PID. A review of 9 studies conducted in the U.S., Sweden, and Great Britain indicates an association between use of IUD and development of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). The estimated risk ranged from 1.6 to 9.3. A number of variables was seen as affecting the occurrence of PID, such as age, number of partners, and frequency of sexual intercourse. The term PID is an imprecise term. PID symptoms and signs are not specific to the disorder and a variety of organisms including gonorrhea may be causative. Nongonococcal forms of PID appear to occur more frequently among IUD users. One important point which emerged from the studies is the suggestion that use of nonpermanent forms of contraception other than IUD appears to convey a protective effect against the development of PID. This phenomenon should be investigated to determine the mechanisms involved and to make users of non-IUD forms of contraception aware of this additional benefit. Women desiring to use IUD must be informed of risks and benefits involved with IUD use.
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