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  • Title: Atypical histomoniasis in Bobwhite quail.
    Author: Dhillon AS, Winterfield RW, Thacker HL, Kazacos KR, Alby LJ.
    Journal: Avian Dis; 1980; 24(2):510-6. PubMed ID: 7192089.
    Abstract:
    An outbreak of histomonad infection of an apparent atypical nature was diagnosed in a flock of about 850 Bobwhite quail. Mortality was 95% over a 3-week period. The most prominent gross pathologic lesions were in the livers: disseminated white foci of necrosis, 1 to 2 mm in diameter, and subcapsular multifocal splenic necrosis was seen occasionally; lower intestinal lesions were infrequent. Histologic examination of liver and spleen sections revealed focal necrosis associated with variable numbers of protozoal organisms identified as a Histomonad spp. Identification of the protoza was ascertained by electron microscopy. Histmonads were isolated from affected quail livers and propagated in specific-pathogen-free chicken embryos. Lesions produced in embryos were evaluated. Isolates of the organism were used to reproduce the disease in young Bobwhite quail.
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