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  • Title: Improvements in optical methods for measuring rapid changes in membrane potential.
    Author: Gupta RK, Salzberg BM, Grinvald A, Cohen LB, Kamino K, Lesher S, Boyle MB, Waggoner AS, Wang CH.
    Journal: J Membr Biol; 1981 Feb 15; 58(2):123-37. PubMed ID: 7218335.
    Abstract:
    In an effort to increase the utility of optical methods for measuring membrane potential in excitable cells, an additional 369 dyes were tested on giant axons from the squid. Several promising dyes with relatively large absorption and fluorescence signals are described. In addition, a simple modification of the apparatus led to a sixfold increase in the size of dye-related birefringence signals. In preparations with a suitable geometry, these signals are as large as absorption signals but photodynamic damage and bleaching are eliminated when wavelengths longer than the absorption band are used.
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