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  • Title: Chronic toxicity of hexavalent chromium to the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas).
    Author: Pickering QH.
    Journal: Arch Environ Contam Toxicol; 1980; 9(4):405-13. PubMed ID: 7406544.
    Abstract:
    The chronic effects of hexavalent chromium on the fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) were investigated. Survival was affected only at the high test concentration of 3.95 mg Cr/L. All chromium concentrations, including 0.018 mg/L, the lowest tested, retarded the early growth of first-generation fish, but this effect was only temporary. Growth of second-generation fish was not affected at concentreations of 1.0 mg/L or lower. Reproduction and hatchability of eggs were not affected at any chromium concentration tested. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) for fathead minnows in hard water (209 mg/L as CaCO3 at pH 7.7) was based on survival and lies between 1.0 and 3.95 mg Cr/L, respectively. The application factor (MATC/96-hr LC50) is between 0.03 and 0.11.
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