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  • Title: Cytological studies in women using different types of hormonal contraceptives.
    Author: Engineer AD, Misra JS, Tandon P.
    Journal: J Indian Med Assoc; 1980 Mar 01; 74(5):88-91. PubMed ID: 7410860.
    Abstract:
    116 women aged 19 to 40 years and with parities ranging from 1 to 12 were assigned to 4 different hormonal contraceptives: 1) pill-a-month, a combination of 2 mg quinestrol and 2.5 mg quinestrol acetate; 2) DMPA (depo medroxyprogesterone acetate injections); 3) norethisterone enanthate injections, and; 4) subdermal silastic implants of norethindrone acetate embedded in the anterolateral aspect of the thigh. The hormonal preparation contained either estrogen-progestogen combination (group A) and progestogen alone (group B). Socioeconomic status and previous mode of contraception were analyzed to determine their effects on pretreatment cytology. The results show a higher number of inflammatory smears associated with clinical pathology in group A cases than in group B. 11 inflammatory smears showed up on follow-up in 37 cases of group A (29.7%) of which 10 were associated with clinical pathology while 16 inflammatory smears were observed on follow-up in 79 cases in group B (20.2%), of which only 3 were associated with clinical abnormality. The findings suggest that abnormal clinical findings are often found in women taking estrogen-progestogen combination contraceptives than in women using products containing progestogen alone. Socioeconomic status had a significant contributory role to the inflammatory changes in the genital tract as most of the inflammatory smears observed on follow-up belonged to low income women.
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