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  • Title: The susceptibility of the mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos) to Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin.
    Author: Jensen WI, Duncan RM.
    Journal: Jpn J Med Sci Biol; 1980 Apr; 33(2):81-6. PubMed ID: 7412022.
    Abstract:
    Most strains of Clostridium botulinum type C, after having lost their capacity to produce their dominant toxin (C1) as a result of being "cured" of their prophages, continue to produce C2, a trypsin-activable toxin reported by other investigators. While of relatively low toxicity when administered perorally to the adult mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos), it was highly toxic when given parenterally. By the intravenous route, for example, it was more than 1,000 times as toxic as C1 toxin by the same route, when compared on the basis of mouse intraperitoneal toxicity. The cause of death in every instance was massive pulmonary edema and hemorrhage rather than the respiratory paralysis that occurs in C1 intoxication.
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