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  • Title: Closed circle systems. A new direction in the practice of anesthesia.
    Author: Lin CY, Mostert JW, Benson DW.
    Journal: Acta Anaesthesiol Scand; 1980 Oct; 24(5):354-61. PubMed ID: 7468125.
    Abstract:
    On the basis of the near-constant uptake of inhalation anesthetics at the alveolar membrane, the large closed-circuit volume which acts as a buffer, and the effect of concentration on uptake, we have evolved a simple and practical technique of closed-circuit anesthesia. After initial high flow wash-in of anesthetic gases into the FRC, a nearly constant slow fresh-gas flow can be maintained.
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