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  • Title: Two biochemical markers effectively used to separate smokeless tobacco users from smokers and nonusers.
    Author: Holiday DB, McLarty JW, Yanagihara RH, Riley L, Shepherd SB.
    Journal: South Med J; 1995 Nov; 88(11):1107-13. PubMed ID: 7481979.
    Abstract:
    Data from asbestos workers were used to devise a cutpoint classifier to identify subjects as Nonuser (non-tobacco user), Smokeless (exclusive smokeless tobacco user), and Smoker (ignited tobacco user). In some clinical trials and smoking cessation programs, Smokeless should be separated from Smoker. One therefore needs a marker for smoke exposure, such as thiocyanate, since nicotine levels, as measured by cotinine, could be similar in both groups. Levels of cotinine (ng/mL) and thiocyanate (mumol/L) levels (mean +/- SD) were, respectively: 320.9 +/- 201.1 and 145.9 +/- 63.7 for the Smoker group; 339.1 +/- 327.5 and 32.0 +/- 16.9 for the Smokeless group; and 0.6 +/- 2.6 and 58.2 +/- 33.2 for the Nonuser group. For Nonuser, Smokeless, and Smoker, respectively, the self-reported status was 45.1%, 10.8%, and 44.1%, which was adjusted to 42.2%, 11.6%, and 46.2%; the classifier yielded sensitivities of 100%, 76.1%, and 92.2%; specificities of 96.1%, 97.6%, and 96.4%; and predictive values of 94.9%, 80.6%, and 95.6%. The classifier successfully identified Nonusers, separated Smokeless from Smoker, and determined the prevalence of false reports in our cohort.
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