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  • Title: Surgical technique for patients with the apractic type of essential blepharospasm: case report.
    Author: Smet H, De Wilde F, Tassignon MJ.
    Journal: Bull Soc Belge Ophtalmol; 1994; 254():85-8. PubMed ID: 7493130.
    Abstract:
    A frontalis suspension was carried out in a patient with an essential type of blepharospasm, characterized by difficulties in initiating the act of lid elevation, often referred to as the apractic form of blepharospasm or, as J. Elston proposed, the pretarsal blepharospasm. The patient tries to open the eyes by using the frontalis muscle or by manual traction. It is known than in this form of blepharospasm, insufficient results are seen after botulinum toxin infection. Proper examination of the skin crease of the upper eyelid and of the eyelid gives an idea of the insertion of the levator aponeurosis and of the levator muscle function. A desinsertion, due to frequent manual traction, may be found. In this case, reinsertion of the aponeurosis may relieve the symptoms. If no desinsertion is present a frontalis suspension, similar to those used in ptosis surgery, may give good results.
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