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  • Title: Startle reflex modulation during exposure to pleasant and unpleasant odors.
    Author: Ehrlichman H, Brown S, Zhu J, Warrenburg S.
    Journal: Psychophysiology; 1995 Mar; 32(2):150-4. PubMed ID: 7630979.
    Abstract:
    The eyeblink component of the startle response to acoustic probes was measured while subjects smelled pleasant odors, unpleasant odors, or no odor. Peak electromyogram (EMG) 20-90 ms after probe onset was greater during unpleasant than during no odor conditions; EMGs for pleasant odors did not differ from those for no odor. Base tension in orbicularis oculi muscles was also higher during unpleasant odors. The results for unpleasant odors parallel those found in previous studies that have used a variety of methods for producing negatively valenced experiences. The results for pleasant odors diverge from those of most previous studies, which have found startle attenuation during positively valenced experiences. However, the results may be compatible with the suggestion (Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 1992) that the motivational state that modulates startle involves both valence and arousal. Pleasant odors may require appropriate contexts to produce the positive motivational state required for startle attenuation.
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