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  • Title: Vaginal reconstructive surgery for female incontinence and anterior vaginal-wall prolapse.
    Author: Stothers L, Chopra A, Raz S.
    Journal: Urol Clin North Am; 1995 Aug; 22(3):641-55. PubMed ID: 7645162.
    Abstract:
    The surgical procedure of choice to correct stress urinary incontinence using a vaginal approach depends not only on the anatomic origin of the incontinence (hypermobility or intrinsic sphincter dysfunction) but also on the degree of coexistent anterior vaginal wall prolapse. The grade of coexistent cystocele and the finding of a central or lateral defect are important observations that help the surgeon plan the optimum surgical approach. Grade 4 cystocele with central and lateral defects represents the most severe form of anterior vaginal wall prolapse. In this case, the surgical goals are to correct both central and lateral defects, as well as hypermobility related to the mid-urethra and bladder neck.
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