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  • Title: [The venae cavae and their major inflow. Anastomotic valve relations and endothelial abnormalities].
    Author: Loeweneck H, Loew L, Schambeck-Joos M.
    Journal: Vasa; 1995; 24(3):241-9. PubMed ID: 7676733.
    Abstract:
    The site and condition of the valves at the junctions of the venae cavae and their tributaries were determined, abnormal endothelial structures identified and the vessel calibre measured in sections through the superior venae cavae of 122 and of the inferior venae cavae of 107 adults. A scale diagram of the venae cavae shows variations of the valve position and occurrence of abnormal endothelial structures in the brachiocephalic veins and the inferior vena cava. These structures might present a hazard for central venous catheterization and introduction of a vena cava filter.
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