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  • Title: Electrochemical determination of low blood lead concentrations with a disposable carbon microarray electrode.
    Author: Feldman BJ, D'Alessandro A, Osterloh JD, Hata BH.
    Journal: Clin Chem; 1995 Apr; 41(4):557-63. PubMed ID: 7720246.
    Abstract:
    Lead concentrations in blood samples typical of unexposed individuals are determined by using square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry at a disposable 287-element (15-35-microns diameter) carbon microarray electrode. Analysis of a series of low Pb-containing samples (blood [Pb] = 17 to 92 micrograms/L) by standard addition gives good accuracy (average bias vs graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy = -4 micrograms/L) and precision (pooled SD = 7 micrograms/L). The signal/noise ratio is improved by about an order of magnitude over that found at a single carbon disk (10 microns diameter), resulting in a detection limit (for the microarray) of 5 micrograms/L for a 60-s deposition of sample.
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