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  • Title: A review of stonefish venoms and toxins.
    Author: Gwee MC, Gopalakrishnakone P, Yuen R, Khoo HE, Low KS.
    Journal: Pharmacol Ther; 1994; 64(3):509-28. PubMed ID: 7724660.
    Abstract:
    Venoms from stonefish (genus Synanceja) have marked effects on the cardiovascular and neuromuscular systems and on vascular permeability; the venoms also exhibit haemolytic and hyaluronidase activity. Recently, a toxic protein, stonustoxin (SNTX), was purified from the venom of S. horrida: the primary lethal action of SNTX has been attributed to its potent endothelium-dependent vasorelaxant activity causing a rapid, marked and irreversible hypotension; the other actions of SNTX resemble those of the stonefish crude venoms.
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