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  • Title: Formaldehyde vaporization in the hatcher and the effect on tracheal epithelium of the chick.
    Author: Sander JE, Wilson JL, Rowland GN, Middendorf PJ.
    Journal: Avian Dis; 1995; 39(1):152-7. PubMed ID: 7794176.
    Abstract:
    Chicken embryos were exposed to formaldehyde vapors in the hatcher during the final 3 days of incubation. Measured formaldehyde levels approached 130 ppm. Tracheas collected at hatch and 5 days post-hatch were evaluated for functional and morphologic changes. Tracheal cilia motility was reduced in formaldehyde-exposed chicks. Scanning electron microscopy revealed blunted cilia and blebs occurring in the cilia surfaces. At 5 days of age, excessive tracheal mucus was present. Sloughing of the tracheal epithelium was visible by light microscopy.
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