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  • Title: Gastroesophageal varices: pathogenesis and therapy of acute bleeding.
    Author: Goff JS.
    Journal: Gastroenterol Clin North Am; 1993 Dec; 22(4):779-800. PubMed ID: 7905863.
    Abstract:
    Numerous conditions lead to portal hypertension and the development of esophageal or gastric varices, or both. Treatment of patients with acute bleeding should progress in a logical, stepwise fashion. Initial therapy includes vasopressin, somatostatin, or balloon tamponade with a Sengstaken-Blakemore tube. The next step is treatment with sclerotherapy, variceal ligation, or a combination of both. Continued bleeding is managed by more invasive measures, which may include radiologic embolization or shunting, esophageal transection, distal splenorenal shunt, or liver transplantation.
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