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Title: Was the 1988 HIV epidemic among Bangkok's injecting drug users a common source outbreak?
Author: Wright NH, Vanichseni S, Akarasewi P, Wasi C, Choopanya K.
Journal: AIDS; 1994 Apr; 8(4):529-32. PubMed ID: 8011258.
Abstract:
OBJECTIVE: To describe and understand the genesis of the explosive 1988 HIV epidemic among Thai injecting drug users (IDU) in Bangkok. DESIGN: Two cross-sectional HIV seroprevalence sample surveys (SP-1 and SP-2) of drug users, including IDU at various stages of treatment. SP-1, a 10-week estimate of prevalence, was conducted by the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) in their detoxification clinics from 5 January to 7 March 1988. SP-2 estimated prevalence in 1 week, 12-15 September 1988, in the same 18 BMA clinics. Both surveys included an administered questionnaire that gathered demographic and behavioral information. METHODS: Analysis of HIV prevalence by clinic in both SP-1 and SP-2, and the relationships between demographic data, behavioral variables, arrest history and HIV positivity in SP-1. RESULTS: Data from individual clinics in SP-1 show significant increases in HIV prevalence among IDU sampled from early February 1988. Of IDU sampled in five 'early' clinics before 9 February, 2% were positive; in the 13 'late' clinics sampled from 9 February until 7 March, 27% were positive. By September 1988, however, the early and late clinics were no longer heterogeneous for HIV prevalence. For current IDU, HIV-positivity was associated with the sharing of injection equipment in SP-1 [odds ratio (OR), 1.82; 95% confidence limits (CL), 1.31-2.53] and recent jail or prison stay (OR, 2.15; 95% CL, 1.18-3.98). CONCLUSIONS: The behavioral factors associated with the HIV epidemic among Bangkok's IDU are similar to those described elsewhere. The monthly incidence of 5% from February to September 1988 suggests extensive needle or injection equipment sharing networks among IDU in Bangkok. Additionally, the pattern of HIV-positivity by detoxification clinic over time in early 1988, and then in September 1988 is consistent with a relationship to the prison amnesty of early December 1987. Shortly after that date, an undisclosed number of former IDU, a substantial number of whom were still injecting, and may have become HIV-positive while in custody, returned to resume injecting within existing drug-using networks throughout Bangkok and elsewhere in Thailand. This study was undertaken to describe and understand the genesis of the 1988 HIV epidemic among Thai IV drug users (IVDU) in Bangkok. Two cross-sectional HIV seroprevalence sample surveys were conducted of drug users at various stages of treatment at Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) detoxification clinics. The first survey was a 10-week estimate of HIV prevalence over the period of January 5 to March 7, 1988, involving 1649 drug users who volunteered to give samples of their blood. The second stage survey estimated prevalence over the period September 12-15, 1988, in the same 18 BMA clinics. 1811 drug users volunteered their blood for this latter survey assessment. The monthly incidence of 5% during February-September 188 suggests the existence of extensive needle or injection equipment sharing networks among IVDUs in Bangkok. Moreover, the pattern of HIV-positivity by detoxification clinic over time in early 1988 and in September is consistent with a relationship to the prison amnesty of December 1987 in which an undisclosed number of former IVDUs returned to resume injecting drugs in Bangkok and elsewhere in Thailand.

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