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  • Title: Cardiac and respiratory activity in panic disorder: effects of sleep and sleep lactate infusions.
    Author: Koenigsberg HW, Pollak CP, Fine J, Kakuma T.
    Journal: Am J Psychiatry; 1994 Aug; 151(8):1148-52. PubMed ID: 8037249.
    Abstract:
    OBJECTIVE: This study examined cardiac and respiratory activity in panic disorder patients and healthy comparison subjects during sleep, when the effects of anxious cognition and expectancy set are minimized. METHOD: Heart rate, respiratory rate, end-tidal PCO2, and oxygen saturation were recorded for 11 panic disorder patients and 12 comparison subjects before and during sleep and before and after infusions of sodium lactate and a saline control. RESULTS: Panic disorder patients had higher oxygen saturations than comparison subjects before sleep onset and during sleep stages 0 and 2 before any infusions. The two groups did not differ on other respiratory variables and heart rate. Panic disorder patients responded to lactate infusions during stage 3-4 sleep with greater increases in heart rate and oxygen saturation, and possibly in respiratory rate and end-tidal PCO2, than comparison subjects. The saline control infusion had little effect. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that panic disorder patients have greater cardiac and respiratory reactivity than healthy comparison subjects during sleep, when the influence of cognitive factors is minimal or absent.
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