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  • Title: Relative effectiveness of 239Pu and some other internal emitters for bone cancer induction in beagles.
    Author: Lloyd RD, Miller SC, Taylor GN, Bruenger FW, Jee WS, Angus W.
    Journal: Health Phys; 1994 Oct; 67(4):346-53. PubMed ID: 8083047.
    Abstract:
    The toxicity ratio (relative effectiveness per gray of average skeletal dose) has been estimated for bone cancer induction in beagles injected as young adults for a number of bone-seeking internal emitters. These experiments yielded calculated toxicity ratios (+/- SD) relative to 226Ra = 1.0 of 239Pu = 16 +/- 5 (single exposure to monomeric Pu) and 32 +/- 10 (continuous exposure from an extraskeletal deposit in the body), 224Ra = 16 +/- 5 (chronic exposure) and approximately 6 +/- 2 (single exposure), 228Th = 8.5 +/- 2.3, 241Am = 6 +/- 0.8, 228Ra = 2.0 +/- 0.5, 249Cf = 6 +/- 3, 252Cf = 4 +/- 2, 90Sr = 1.0 +/- 0.5 (for high doses) and 0.05 +/- 0.03 (for low doses) and 0.01 +/- 0.01 (for extremely low doses). Because no skeletal malignancies were observed among beagles given only 253Es, the toxicity ratio is undefined.
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