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  • Title: Comparison of inspiratory work of breathing between flow-triggered and pressure-triggered demand flow systems in rabbits.
    Author: Nishimura M, Imanaka H, Yoshiya I, Kacmarek RM.
    Journal: Crit Care Med; 1994 Jun; 22(6):1002-9. PubMed ID: 8205807.
    Abstract:
    OBJECTIVES: Flow-triggered continuous positive airway pressure decreases the inspiratory work of breathing in adults when compared with pressure-triggered continuous positive airway pressure. However, the effect of flow-triggered continuous positive airway pressure on work of breathing in neonates is not known. Our objective was to determine if flow-triggering was superior to pressure triggering in the presence of narrow endotracheal tubes, such as those tubes used in neonates. DESIGN: Prospective evaluation using within-animal comparison of flow-triggering and pressure-triggering demand flow systems. SETTING: The animal laboratory in a university hospital. SUBJECTS: Six spontaneously breathing white rabbits, tracheostomized and intubated with 3- and 4-mm inner diameter endotracheal tubes. INTERVENTIONS: The animals were connected to a ventilator through a standard respiratory circuit. The ventilator was randomly operated in the following modes: flow-triggered continuous positive airway pressure, pressure-triggered continuous positive airway pressure, flow-triggered with 5 cm H2O pressure support ventilation, and pressure-triggered with 5 cm H2O pressure support ventilation. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Esophageal pressure, airway pressure, and flow signals were monitored. Control data were obtained while the rabbits were breathing room air through the endotracheal tube. With 3-mm inner diameter endotracheal tubes, the negative deflection of esophageal pressure during flow-triggered continuous positive airway pressure was significantly less than control; however, negative deflection of esophageal pressure during pressure-triggered continuous positive airway pressure did not significantly differ from control. The application of 5 cm H2O pressure support ventilation with flow-triggering decreased negative deflection of esophageal pressure significantly compared with flow-triggered continuous positive airway pressure, pressure-triggered continuous positive airway pressure, and control. With endotracheal tube inner diameter of 4 mm, flow-triggered continuous positive airway pressure and pressure-triggered continuous positive airway pressure did not show any differences compared to control. Negative deflection of esophageal pressure differed under all conditions except control when results with the 3-mm inner diameter endotracheal tube were compared with the 4-mm inner diameter endotracheal tube. CONCLUSIONS: Flow-triggering is superior to pressure-triggering in the presence of a 3-mm inner diameter endotracheal tube. This difference was not clear with a 4-mm inner diameter endotracheal tube. The size of the endotracheal tube may be the most important variable in evaluating the approach used to ventilate small neonates.
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