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  • Title: Quantitative analysis of species identification tests of bloodstains using anti-human serum.
    Author: Okajima H, Katsumata Y.
    Journal: Nagoya J Med Sci; 1993 Mar; 55(1-4):57-63. PubMed ID: 8247107.
    Abstract:
    Immunological reactions of bloodstains of human and animals to anti-human serum were analysed quantitatively to determine which technique is the most effective to differentiate human bloodstains from those of animals. The lower threshold of counter-electrophoresis was 10-25 micrograms protein/ml and increased only slightly with increasing age of the bloodstains, while that of the ring test and immunodiffusion decreased greatly. In counter-electrophoresis, absorption of anti-human serum by Japanese monkey serum resulted in a marked decrease in the cross reaction with animals, and still showed no change in the lower threshold for human samples. The present results show that counter-electrophoresis is especially useful for the identification of human bloodstains.
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