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  • Title: Scratch and match: pigeons learn matching and oddity with gravel stimuli.
    Author: Wright AA, Delius JD.
    Journal: J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process; 1994 Jan; 20(1):108-12. PubMed ID: 8308488.
    Abstract:
    Two groups of 4 pigeons learned either matching-to-sample or oddity-from-sample by digging in white and black gravel for buried grain. Learning occurred as early as Trial 11, and acquisition was accelerated by as much as 100-fold compared with learning in traditional key-peck environments. Control experiments showed that performance was not controlled by cues other than the gravel stimuli and was not due to distributed practice effects of 8 trials per day and longer intertrial intervals.
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