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  • Title: Orbital navigator echoes for motion measurements in magnetic resonance imaging.
    Author: Fu ZW, Wang Y, Grimm RC, Rossman PJ, Felmlee JP, Riederer SJ, Ehman RL.
    Journal: Magn Reson Med; 1995 Nov; 34(5):746-53. PubMed ID: 8544696.
    Abstract:
    A single "orbital" navigator echo, that has a circular k-space trajectory, is used to simultaneously measure in-plane rotational and multi-axis translational global motion. Rotation is determined from the shift in the magnitude profile of the echo with respect to a reference echo. Displacements are calculated from the phase difference between the current echo and a reference echo. Phantom studies show that this technique can accurately measure rotation and translations. Preliminary results from adaptive motion correction studies on phantom and human subjects indicate that the orbital navigator echo is an effective method for motion measurement in MRI.
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