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  • Title: Classical conditioning in the fetal rat: reinforcing properties of dynorphin A (1-13).
    Author: Varlinskaya EI, Petrov ES, Smotherman WP.
    Journal: Behav Neurosci; 1996 Feb; 110(1):154-67. PubMed ID: 8652064.
    Abstract:
    This study examined the reinforcing properties of dynorphin A (1-13) in a single-trial classical conditioning paradigm in the E20 rat fetus. Injection of dynorphin into the cisterna magna increased fetal motor activity and reduced facial wiping in a test of perioral cutaneous responsiveness. Dynorphin was effective as an unconditioned stimulus (US) in a classical conditioning paradigm using an artificial nipple conditioned stimulus (CS) and dynorphin A (1-13) US. The association between CS and US was dependent on activity in the kappa opioid system. Re-exposure to the artificial nipple CS after a single pairing of the nipple with dynorphin resulted in conditioned activation of the kappa opioid system. Dynorphin A (1-13) functions as a reinforcer for classical conditioning in the rat fetus after intracisternal or intrahemispheric injection, with the conditioned response depending on route of administration and site of injection.
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