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  • Title: [Mammary gland hypoplasia and aplasia (inverted nipples) in female and male swine. 1. Clinical-morphological investigations on the occurrence and development of inverted nipples in female and male swine of various age and production groups].
    Author: Beilage E, Steffens S, Schoon HA, Bollwahn W.
    Journal: Tierarztl Prax; 1996 Feb; 24(1):31-5. PubMed ID: 8720952.
    Abstract:
    The development of the shape of teats in 30 female piglets, of which at least one of the parents showed inverted teats, was systematically observed during three to four months. Similar investigations could be carried out in sows with inverted teats from day 60 of pregnancy until the end of lactation. There is no evidence that inflammations or traumatas are causes for teat hypoplasias, and there is no correlation between "teat necroses" of piglets and the incomplete teat development. The wide distribution of teat abnormities is shown by investigations of slaughter pigs: 20% of fattening pigs, 17% of boars and 6% of sows were affected by inverted teats. 75% of the inverted teats were seen periumbilical. The morphology of hypo- and aplastic teats in boars is described. With regard to the selection of affected pigs, a first investigation is recommended in the 12th week of life and a second one at the age of five month is recommended. Particular attention has to be paid to boars for mating and artifical insemination in order to exclude affected boars as early as possible from breeding.
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