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  • Title: Bioactivation of S-(2,2-dihalo-1,1-difluoroethyl)-L-cysteines and S-(trihalovinyl)-L-cysteines by cysteine S-conjugate beta-lyase: indications for formation of both thionoacylating species and thiiranes as reactive intermediates.
    Author: Commandeur JN, King LJ, Koymans L, Vermeulen NP.
    Journal: Chem Res Toxicol; 1996; 9(7):1092-102. PubMed ID: 8902263.
    Abstract:
    The covalent binding of reactive intermediates, formed by beta-elimination of cysteine S-conjugates of halogenated alkenes, to nucleophiles was studied using 19F-NMR and GC-MS analysis. beta-Elimination reactions were performed using rat renal cytosol and a beta-lyase model system, consisting of pyridoxal and copper(II) ion. S-(1,1,2,2-Tetrafluoroethyl)-L-cysteine (TFE-Cys) was mainly converted to products derived from difluorothionoacetyl fluoride, namely, difluorothionoacetic acid, difluoroacetic acid, and N-difluorothionoacetylated TFE-Cys. In the presence of o-phenylenediamine (OPD), as a bifunctional nucleophilic trapping agent, the major product formed was 2-(difluoromethyl)benzimidazole. This product results from initial reaction of difluorothionoacetyl fluoride with one of the amino groups of OPD, followed by a condensation reaction between the thionoacyl group and the adjacent amino group of OPD. In incubations with S-(2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluorofluoroethyl)-L-cysteine (CTFE-Cys) and S-(2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluorofluoroethyl)-L-cysteine (DCDFE-Cys), formation of thionoacylated cysteine S-conjugates was also observed by GC-MS analysis, indicating formation of the corresponding thionoacyl fluorides. However, according to 19F-NMR analysis, chlorofluorothionoacyl fluoride-derived products accounted for only 10% of the CTFE-Cys converted. In the presence of OPD, next to the corresponding 2-(dihalomethyl)benzimidazoles, 2-mercaptoquinoxaline was identified as the main product in incubations with CTFE-Cys. When chlorofluorothionoacylating species were generated from the unsaturated S-(2-chloro-1,2-difluorovinyl)-L-cysteine (CDFV-Cys), 2-(chlorofluoromethyl)benzimidazole and 2-mercaptoquinoxaline were also found as OPD adducts. However, with CDFV-Cys the ratio of 2-(chlorofluoromethyl) benzimidazole to 2-mercaptoquinoxaline was 12-fold higher than in the case of CTFE-Cys. These results suggest an important second mechanism of formation of 2-mercaptoquinoxaline with CTFE-Cys. The formation of 2-mercaptoquinoxaline could also be explained by reaction of OPD with 2,3,3-trifluorothiirane as a second reactive intermediate for CTFE-Cys. Comparable results were obtained when comparing OPD adducts from DCDFE-Cys and TCV-Cys. Both DCDFE-Cys and TCV-Cys form dichlorothionoacylating species. However, DCDFE-Cys forms 21-fold more 2-mercaptoquinoxaline than TCV-Cys, which may be explained by its capacity to form 3-chloro-2,2-difluorothiirane next to dichlorothionoacyl fluoride. In order to explain the apparent differences in the preference of thiols to form different reactive intermediates, free enthalpies of formation (delta 1G) of thiolate anions and their possible rearrangement products, thionoacyl fluorides and thiiranes, derived from TFE-Cys, CTFE-Cys, and DCDFE-Cys, were calculated by ab initio calculations. For TFE-thiolate, formation of difluorothionoacetyl fluoride is energetically favored over formation of the thiirane. In contrast, the thiirane pathway is favored over the thionoacyl fluoride pathway for CTFE- and DCDFE-thiolates. The results of these quantum chemical calculations appear to be consistent with the experimental data.
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