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  • Title: Organization of the antennal motor system in the sphinx moth Manduca sexta.
    Author: Kloppenburg P, Camazine SM, Sun XJ, Randolph P, Hildebrand JG.
    Journal: Cell Tissue Res; 1997 Feb; 287(2):425-33. PubMed ID: 8995213.
    Abstract:
    The antennae of the sphinx moth Manduca sexta are multimodal sense organs, each comprising three segments: scape, pedicel, and flagellum. Each antenna is moved by two systems of muscles, one controlling the movement of the scape and consisting of five muscles situated in the head capsule (extrinsic muscles), and the other system located within the scape (intrinsic muscles) and consisting of four muscles that move the pedicel. At least seven motoneurons innervate the extrinsic muscles, and at least five motoneurons innervate the intrinsic muscles. The dendritic fields of the antennal motoneurons overlap one another extensively and are located in the neuropil of the antennal mechanosensory and motor center. The density of motoneuronal arborizations is greatest in the lateral part of this neuropil region and decreases more medially. None of the motoneurons exhibits a contralateral projection. The cell bodies of motoneurons innervating the extrinsic muscles are distributed throughout an arching band of neuronal somata dorsal and dorsolateral to the neuropil of the antennal mechanosensory and motor center, whereas the cell bodies of motoneurons innervating the intrinsic muscles reside mainly among the neuronal somata situated dorsolateral to that neuropil.
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