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  • Title: Nuclear export of NF-ATc enhanced by glycogen synthase kinase-3.
    Author: Beals CR, Sheridan CM, Turck CW, Gardner P, Crabtree GR.
    Journal: Science; 1997 Mar 28; 275(5308):1930-4. PubMed ID: 9072970.
    Abstract:
    The transcription factor NF-AT responds to Ca2+-calcineurin signals by translocating to the nucleus, where it participates in the activation of early immune response genes. Calcineurin dephosphorylates conserved serine residues in the amino terminus of NF-AT, resulting in nuclear import. Purification of the NF-AT kinase revealed that it is composed of a priming kinase activity and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3). GSK-3 phosphorylates conserved serines necessary for nuclear export, promotes nuclear exit, and thereby opposes Ca2+-calcineurin signaling. Because GSK-3 responds to signals initiated by Wnt and other ligands, NF-AT family members could be effectors of these pathways.
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