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  • Title: Complications of super-selective subarachnoid anesthesia (SSA) with hyperbaric bupivacaine: experiences with 355 patients in general and orthopaedic surgery.
    Author: Pappalardo GB, Aranzulla F, Di Santo S, Barrera A, Beltrutti D.
    Journal: Panminerva Med; 1997 Mar; 39(1):41-5. PubMed ID: 9175420.
    Abstract:
    The results obtained from 355 patients of both sexes subjected to general and orthopaedic surgery with super-selective subarachnoid anesthesia (SSA) by means of small (26-27 gauge) needles with a modified Whitacre needle with ogival point are described. The use of thin spinal needles with "pencil-point" type ends together with microdoses of local anesthetics has meant a reduction in the complications typical of this technique such as hypotension, post-dural puncture, headache (PDPH) and urinary retention. Super-selective subarachnoid anesthesia realised through an infusion of 0.8-1 ml of hyperbaric bupivacaine is a safe effective technique with a low percentage of side-effects.
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