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  • Title: The effect of knowledge of results delay and the subjective estimation of movement form on the acquisition and retention of a motor skill.
    Author: Liu J, Wrisberg CA.
    Journal: Res Q Exerc Sport; 1997 Jun; 68(2):145-51. PubMed ID: 9200248.
    Abstract:
    This study examined the effects of knowledge of results (KR) delay and subjective estimation of movement form on the acquisition and retention of a motor skill. During acquisition, four groups of participants performed 60 trials of a throwing accuracy task under the following conditions: (a) immediate KR, (b) delayed KR, (c) immediate KR + form estimation, and (d) delayed KR + form estimation. Retention tests of throwing accuracy and outcome error estimation in the absence of visual KR were administered 5 min and 24 hours following acquisition. Throwing accuracy was significantly higher during acquisition but significantly lower during retention for immediate-KR participants than for delayed-KR participants. However, participants who estimated their movement form during acquisition produced significantly higher throwing accuracy and lower estimation error during retention than those who did not.
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